Mungkin cerita sezaman dengan klang kio ( kerajaan Ayuthia siam )

SEJARAH REALITI KEDAH oleh : Mazlan Abdul Majid,
Pensyarah Kanan, UiTM Kedah mazz62@yahoo. com


Saya merujuk kepada Tulisan Tuan Nai Long Kassim Nai Long Ahmad
bertajuk
"Kewujudan Kedah bukan pada 1136 Masihi" yang disiarkan oleh akhbar ini
(Utusan Malaysia) pada 13 Februari 2007 adalah dirujuk.

Tulisan tuan ada banyak kebenarannya dan saya berpendapat masih ada lagi maklumat yang tersimpan dan tidak ingin didedahkan walaupun Malaysia akan menyambut 50 tahun kemerdekaannya pada 31 Ogos 2007. Sebagai penyelidik dari universiti tempatan maklumat-maklumat yang saya selidiki menuju ke arah apa yang diperkatakan oleh Tuan Nai Long Kassim ini ada kebenarannya. .

Seterusnya, saya tertarik dengan nama Raja Maha Besar Benua Siam Dinasti Ayuthia yang bergelar Boromoraja Ekataat V. Nama sebenar Baginda ialah Khalifah Sharif Abu Bakar Syah dan baginda beragama Islam.

Sebelum ini kita semua menyangkakan Empayar Ayuthia (1350 - 1767) yang tinggi peradabannya di Thailand itu sebagai Empayar yang beragama Buddha. Tanggapan ini adalah salah sama sekali. Thailand, asalnya adalah dari bangsa Sukhothai (suku thai @ puak Thai) yang berasal dari Lannathai. Mereka memang sudah berkali-kali cuba menyerang Ayuthia dan akhirnyaberjaya menakluki Ayuthia pada tahun 1767, di ketuai oleh ketuanya bernama Alaungpaya. Akan tetapi siapa sebenarnya yang memerintah Ayuthia sebelum ia ditawan?

Pemerintah Ayuthia menunaikan Haji ke Tanah Suci Mekah, melaksanakan hukum-hukum Islam dan pentadbiran dibahagikan kepada 2 kementerian, untuk Islam dan bukan Islam. Mereka menjalin hubungan dengan Perancis dan sempena lawatan itu dinamakan sebatang jalan di Perancis sebagai Jalan Ayuthia. Mereka ini adalah dari keturunan Siam bukan Thai. Dalam
erti lain Siam itu beragama Islam, Thai itu beragama Buddha.

Sekiranya bahasa jiwa bangsa, sudah pasti, bahasa Thai untuk bangsa Thai danbahasa Siam untuk bangsa Siam. Kita lihat pula di Malaysia hari ini terdapat orang Melayu yang bertutur dalam Bahasa Siam di Kedah, Kelantan dan Perlis dan mereka beragama Islam. Bahasa Siam ini jika ditutur di Thailand, langsung tidak difahami lagi oleh rakyat Thailand hari ini.

Orang-orang Melayu inilah berbangsa Siam, ia itu asal usul keturu! nan bangsa Melayu yang menjadi rakyat Nagara Benua Siam Dinasti Ayuthiadahulu dan Empayar ini meliputi seluruh Nusantara, Champa, termasuk sebahagian India. Arus kemodenan tidak menyentuh mereka sama sekali dan mereka kekal dalam budaya bahasa Siam seperti adanya, 300 tahun dahulu.

Dalam manuskrip Undang-Undang Kedah, yang mula diitulis pada tahun 220 Hijrah (799 masihi) adat Siam ini telah pun lama diguna pakai oleh raja-raja Melayu zaman dahulu. Manuskrip ini dirampas oleh Inggeris di Istana Kota Beruas dahulu dan baru dipulangkan kepada kita sekitar tahun2003/04. Di antaranya penggunaan sirih pinang sewaktu meminang, bekas meminang, cincin emas sebentuk, kain.Sebagai contoh, di dalam buku Undang-undang Kedah, mengenai pakaian dalam Adat Raja Johor,

"Maka adat ini turut adat raja-raja Kedah ini, yang kerajaan itu kuning juga". (ms 34)

"Demikianlah zaman raja-raja dahulu-dahulu itu. Pada adat raja-raja di benua Siam gelar demikian itu bahasa Siam Cau Phaya Kersan". (ms 36)

Tidak teragak jika saya katakan bahawa asal keturunan bangsa Melayu ialah Siam kerana raja-raja Melayu yang menjadi tunggak adat istiadat bangsa Melayu telah pun menggunakan adat tersebut. Seterusnya, dimuka surat yang sama, perihal pemerintah Johor, "Maka pada
Bahasa Melayu Bendahara itu panglima negeri. Pada segala negeri yang kecil-kecil bendahara itu dikatanya lambat pada adat Siam".

Sebelum naik kerajaan pada tahun 1350, pemerintah Ayuthia ini berasal dari Kesultanan Kedah, di mana keturunan mereka tiba dari Cina dan membuka Kota di Kuala Muda. Ketua rombongan dari Cina dan pengikutnya diketuai oleh Putera Waran Wong Ser (Mahawangsa) , cucu kepada Maharaja Cina bernama Sai Tee Sung dari Dinasti Tang. (rujuk kepada Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa)

Maharaja Sai Tee Sung telah diislamkan oleh utusan Baginda Rasullullah SAW bernama Saad bin Waqqas.Baginda pula telah memberi surat watikah kepada cucunya untuk menyebarkan Islam di Nusantara. Apabila naik Kerajaan, Baginda Wa Ren Wong Ser (bermaksud Naga Laut Puak Tentera) memakai gelaran Sultan Madzafar SyahI (222H, 812 M) dan berkahwin dengan Sharifah Mariam ibni Syed Jamal Al Jefri dari keturunan Bani Hashim. Sharifah Maryam berketurunan Arab dan baginda juga di panggil Tok Soh. Makam Tok Soh masa ada lagi di Pin Nang Tung Gal (bermaksud, jadi permaisuri tunggak Negara) dengan ukiran kalimah Shahadah pada nisan nya di Kampung Tok Soh, Pinang Tunggal, Kulim,Kedah.

Mereka mendirikan kota dengan penduduk tempatan di Kuala Muda (Muadat bermaksud belerang), Kedah dan menjalankan pelbagai perniagaan pembuatan senjata yang menggunakan belerang.Contoh dua meriam yang dijumpai di dalam sungai dan telah dihasilkan oleh orang Melayu Saimen boleh dilihat di Muzium Negeri Kedah. Generasi kedua Kesultanan Negara Kedah ialah Po Disut @ SayyidinaJamalull Alam BadrulMunir bergelar Sultan Madzafar Syah II dan generasi ketiga ialahayyidina Ali Wa Maulana Sayyidina Jamalull Alam Badrul Munir @ SultanAlirah Shah Perlak (bersemayam di Istana Bukit Cho Ras), keempat ialah Sultan Hussin Syah dan kelima Sultan Sheikh AbdulKadir Shah @ Tuan Sheikh Keramat. Makam baginda terletak di Lang Gar (bermaksud putus dunia) bertarikh 291H (903 M). Kesemua mereka adalah pemerintah Nagara Kedah Pasai Ma (nama Negara Kedah dahulu).

Yang saya kira menarik sekali ialah pemerintah ke 11 Negara Kedah iaitu Sultan Madzafar Syah III yang juga bergelar Rama Tibodi I (@ Sheikh Ahmad Qomi). Baginda menjadi Maharaja pertama Benua Islam Siam Ayuthia Kedah Pasai Ma. Semasa upacara mengangkat sumpah, Melaka tersurat dan disebut baginda sebagai salah satu tanah jajahan Ayuthia. Pada masa itu
Melaka termasuklah Johor dan Kepulauan Riau.

Pada masa itu juga pemerintah Kedah baru saja mengalahkan KerajaanTenangsari (Burma) yang menyerang Kedah sekaligus menguasainya. Pemerintah Kedua Ayuthia ialah Naresuan yang berkahwin dengan Ratu Iman, Acheh. Pada Makam Baginda, tertulis dlm Bahasa Kawi, Gusta Barubasa empu Kedah Pasai Ma bermaksud, Keluarga yang memeluk Islam menguasai KedahPasai Ma.Kerajaan ini lah yang mana Pattani, Ligor, Singgora, Kesultanan Melaka dan Acheh turut berada di bawah kawalannya. Sebab itulah bilamencari kesan Sejarah Kesultanan Melaka sukar mendapat buktinya kerananama mereka jugatersenarai dalam senarai Raja-raja Ayuthia dalam bahasa Siam !.

Tahukah pembaca semua siapakah yang menjadi Raja Benua Siam Islam NagaraKedah Pasai Ma yang terakhir. Tak lain dan tak bukan iaitu Sultan Jaafar Muadzam Syah atau lebih dikenali sebagai Long Jaafar. Sebelum itu Ayahanda baginda, Syed Alang Alauddin yang juga bergelar Panglima Bukit Gantang menjadi Sultan Benua Siam Islam, Nagara Kedah Pasai Ma. Baginda
melantik puteranya Long Jaafar menjadi menteri di Larut Perak untuk menguruskan lombong bijih kerajaan Nagara Kedah di sana. Apabila ayahanda baginda mangkat dalam tahun 1862, baginda ditabal di Berahman Indra (sekarang Balai Besar) Alor Star bergelar Sultan Jaafar Madzam Syah. Dalam rangka lawatan ke Merbok, baginda ditangkap oleh Thai dan Inggeris dalam tahun 1876, disiksa di Yan, sebelum dipijak dengan gajah hingga mati di
belakang Balai Polis Gurun dalam tahun 1876.Peristiwa ini benar berlaku dan saya cabar sesiapa pun termasuk pengkaji sejarah tempatan untuk mengkaji maklumat ini.

Dalam penyelidikkan saya, dengan terbunuhnya Long Jaafar orang-orang Melayu hilang segala-galanya meliputi sastera, senibina, manuskrip-manuskrip ,syair, industri pembuatan belerang, sajak, puisi dll. Penjajah Inggeris telah menipu kita dimana mereka berpakat denganThai lalu menyerahkan peradaban itu kepada Thai. Mereka memutarbelitkan fakta sejarah sehingga kita menyangkakan Thai dan Siam itu sama saja. Inggeris memberi peradaban Ayuthia milik kita itu kepada Thai agar mereka dapat, menjatuhkan Islam, menjajah Semenanjong dan mengutip hasil bumi seperti bijih timah,emas,rempah ratus dll.

Ditinggalnya kita pada hari ini tanpa warisan sejarah bangsa dan agama untuk memulakan kerajaan Malaysia ketika merdeka. Sejarah yang ditinggalkan adalah versi mereka, bukan versi kita. Kita terpaksa bermula dari bawah untuk memertabatkan bangsa. Kita berjaya melakukannya dalam masa 50 tahun saja. Bayangkanlah sekiranya kita bangsa Melayu keturunan Siam ini memerintah Ayuthia dulu selama 417 tahun, betapa hebatnya peradaban itu! Pasti ia di cemburui dan dingini/diidamkan oleh bangsa lain.


Sebelum ini raja-raja kita membayar ufti kepada Siam Islam, ibarat cukai Kerajaan Negeri kepada Kerajaan Persekutuan tetapi bila Thai mengambil alih Ayuthia, seolah-olah memberi ufti kepada Kerajaan asing yang berlainan agama. Bila raja-raja daerah kita enggan membayar, walau ada yang cuba berbaik-baik, Thai tetap menyerang orang-orang Melayu, mengugut, membunuh dan menyiksa dengan kejam. Akhirnya ramai kerabat dan rakyat di Negara Kedah dan Pattani menjadi 'Korban Musuh Bisik' dalam tahun 1821. Setelah usaha ini selesai mereka mengubah sistem pendidikan mereka, rakyat siam hanya boleh belajar bahasa Thai sahaja,dll,
sehingga apabila selesai dinamakan negara mereka,Thailand. Semua ini berlaku kerana Raja Chakri Sukhothai benci bangsa Siam ini ujud lebih dahulu daripada Thai lalu dibakarnya manuskrip Al Quran, Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Sejarah Melayu dll sewaktu berjaya menawan Ayuthia dalam tahun 1767.

Sewaktu Thai (bukan Siam) menjajah Kedah selama 5 tahun (1876-1881) dengan pertolongan Inggeris mereka membakar istana-istana lama (17, mungkin lebih) milik Raja Benua Siam Islam, Nagara Kedah Pasai Ma termasuk di Bukit Cho Ras (istana Sayyidina Ali, Sultan Alirah Shah,
Perlak), diserang dan dibunuh orang-orang Siam Islam Pattani, Kedah, Majapahit dan tentera Cina Manchu (Islam). Seorang saksi yang tinggal berdekatan, berusia sekitar 90 tahun menceritakan bagaimana Inggeris sekitar awal 1910 datang semula memecahkan lagi 3 bilik dibawah tanah ditapak istana Bukit Choras yang telah dibakar oleh Thai 35 tahun terdahulu. Di
setengah-setengah lokasi seperti candi ditanamnya patung-patung tertentu untuk menyesatkan penyelidik kita pada hari ini. Syukurlah orang Melayu masih tetap berpegang kepada Islam. Sekarang saya harap saudara/i mula faham kenapa berlaku kekecohan di Pattani. Saya difahamkan juga bahawa Inggeris ingin menyerahkan Pattani, Satun,Yala, Ligor dan Songkhala untuk merdeka bersama kita dalam tahun 1957 dahulu tetapi ditolak oleh TAR kerana datuknya Raja Chulalongkorn tidak mengizinkannya (TAR cucu raja Siam itu). Inggeris tahu bahawa daerah ini jajahan Nagara Kedah, berdasarkan manuskrip Undang-Undang Kedah yang tercatat di m.s.15.

Oleh itu, sempena menyambut Hari Kemerdekaan ke 50 tahun, marilah kita
sama-sama mencari kembali permata yang telah hilang itu.

Mazlan Abdul Majid
Pensyarah Kanan

UiTM Kedah

************ ********* *****
Utusan Malaysia 13 Feb 2007
Kewujudan Kedah bukan pada 1136 Masihi?

KENYATAAN Timbalan Menteri Kebudayaan, Kesenian dan Warisan, Datuk Wong Kam Hong baru-baru ini yang menyarankan agar mengkaji semula sejarah kedatangan Islam di Nusantara, adalah dirujuk.

Saya selaku waris mutlak kesultanan Sultan Jaafar Muadzam Shah, pemerintah benua Siam Islam membantu untuk menjelaskan kedudukan sebenar atau realiti sejarah.

Kewujudan Kedah memang terbukti sejak tahun 222 Hijrah bersamaan 812 Masihi seperti tercatat dalam tulisan jawi (rujuk lampiran 65 bertulisan jawi Undang-Undang Kedah Transliterasi Teks, penyelenggara Mariyam Salim, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kuala Lumpur 2005). Di sini ternyata kewujudan Kedah bukan tahun 1136 Masihi seperti diuar-uarkan oleh ahli sejarah Kedah Darul Aman.

Boleh dikatakan banyak nama tempat atau negara adalah berasal daripada perkataan Siam. Ini disebabkan negara-negara berkenaan memang berasal dari benua Siam Kedah Kheang Tesh.

Negara Filipina misalnya, kewujudan negara tersebut adalah pada tahun 1758 masihi. Ia didirikan dan diperintah oleh Raja Maha Besar Benua Siam Dinasti Ayuthia yang digelar Boromoraja V Ekataat Cau Phaya Sharif Yang Dipertuan Yang Maha Mulia. Baginda bersemayam di Ayuthia (Thailand).

Putera baginda bergelar Cau Phaya Kersan bermakna Cau = Tuanku, Phaya = Maharaja, Kersan = Yang Ke-II. Nama sebenar ialah Koya Long Sultan Muzaffar Shah. Semasa menjadi raja di Kemboja, baginda digelar Pho Chan iaitu Putera Lelaki Beta.

Pada tahun 1976 Masihi semasa baginda bersemayam di Kota Ayuthia Cempaka Sari, Kemboja, baginda diusir oleh tentera raja Buddha Aluang Phraya Lanna Thai. Aluang Phraya berasal dari India dan mereka menubuhkan kerajaan di Luang Phrabang Benua Siam pada tahun 1736 Masihi. Apabila diusir, Koya Long kembali ke Brahman Indera (Balai Besar), Alor Star.

Para pegawai Koya Long ditempatkan di Pulau Langkawi dan sempena penempatan itu maka tempat itu dinamakan Kampung Kamboja. Tenteranya pula ditempatkan di Bendang Raja Mukim Rambai Pendang, Kedah.


Pada 1758, baginda berpindah ke Kuala Kangsar, Perak lalu membina sebuah Ayuthia dari kayu dan buluh, sesudah itu baginda membina kota Bukit Gantang dan menempatkan istana di dalam kota tersebut.

Kini kota tersebut dikenali dengan nama Kota Long Jaafar. Long Jaafar ialah cucu Koya Long. Long Jaafar ialah Sultan Jaafar Muadzam Shah Perak. Putera Koya Long yang bernama Sultan Syed Alang Alauddin Panglima Bukit Gantang ialah ayahanda kepada Sultan Jaafar Muadzam Shah Perak.

Syed Alang Alauddin bersemayam di Ayuthia Ban Nai Lang dalam kawasan Na Thawi, Songkhla Thailand. Perkataan Songkhla bermakna hantar benih. Hantar benih di sini bermaksud Raja Maha Besar benua Siam Sharif Shah menghantar keturunannya untuk menjadi raja di Songkhla.

- NAI LONG KASIM IBNI NAI LONG AHMAD,

Langgar, Kedah.

sketch 6 rupadiawan:klang kio_pencarian

Linggiu Zoom

kawasan yang dikatakan tenggelamnya Kota Klang kio

Museum hopes Johor will assist in lost city quest

Feb 3, 2005


KUALA LUMPUR: Museum officials are hoping that the Johor government will assist in efforts to verify the location of Kota Gelanggi.

Department of Museums and Antiquities director-general Datuk Dr Adi Taha said Johor would also be asked to preserve the area for research.

He said the National Museum would work with Raimy Che-Ross, an independent Malaysian researcher, to mobilise an expedition to verify the site of Kota Gelanggi.
According to Raimy, he was told that the museum had earlier sent teams to locate the site but had failed each time.

The most recent attempt saw their boat capsizing thrice, leading the team to abandon the mission.

Adi said his department would also work with the State Heritage Foundation on this, as it would have knowledge of the area, he said.

He said the search for Kota Gelanggi had been an ongoing endeavour for many scholars and researchers since the days of the British Empire.

“They never did find it as our history did not give any exact whereabouts of the city.

“Even Tun Seri Lanang (the Bendahara – equivalent to a modern day prime minister) did not state the location in Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals),” he added.

He said archaeologists hoped to find evidence of physical structures and also a fairly advanced irrigation system, which used to exist in the city.

“A big city would have good infrastructure such as irrigation to sustain its inhabitants.

“We also expect and hope to find Sri Vijaya artefacts from the site similar to those found in Gua Chawas in Kelantan,” he added.

Adi said the public should not attempt to enter the site to look for artefacts and treasure as it was an offence under the Antiquities Act 1976.

“Anyone found doing so can be fined or jailed,” he said.
On the expedition, Adi said that due to the inaccessibility of the site, the team would have to plan very thoroughly before attempting to enter the dense jungles.

The Star

Johor relics predate Malacca

BY TEOH TEIK HOONG AND AUDREY EDWARDS

PETALING JAYA: Artefacts dated older than the Malacca Sultanate have been found in the area where the lost city of Kota Gelanggi is said to be located.

These finds have reinforced claims of the existence of the ancient site which independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross said he had located last year.
Archaeologist Professor Datuk Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman said excavation teams had found proof that there had been settlements near the area prior to the 14th century.

“People have always believed that the settlements or kingdoms in Johor came after the fall of Malacca based on pottery and tombstones that were excavated,” he said in an interview yesterday.

Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi, who is attached to the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation, also said that discoveries inside an old fort were dated at between the ninth and 12th century.
He was commenting on the discovery of what was believed to be the site of Kota Gelanggi by Raimy.

Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi said nothing could be confirmed about the existence of the lost city until more fieldwork had been carried out.

“We have an expedition planned this year,” he said.
He had started the survey on the area in 1977 and has had excavation teams working in the vicinity.

“If at all a kingdom is found, it is likely we will find forts or protective walls made from brick, stone or earth. Presumably, there will also be a Hindu or Buddhist temple there, “ he added.

Johor Heritage Foundation deputy director Mohd Ismail Zamzam said what had been highlighted by Raimy reinforced the foundation’s work in the area.
“The foundation with the help of archaeologist Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi had begun work to verify the existence of a Malay civilisation at this site since 1996.
“Our objective is to confirm the existence of a civilisation which dates back even further than Malacca,” he said.

The Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic Society secretary Datuk Henry Barlow said the society published Raimy’s work as it was of great significance to the country.

The Star

It's a secret! | The Star

PETALING JAYA: Everyone wants to know the location of the lost city of Kota Gelanggi, but for obvious reasons we have omitted the details.

The Star has been swamped with calls from readers on the whereabouts of this site.
In the interest of preserving the sanctity of this site, we have made the decision not to disclose any details.

There are fears that the public and treasure hunters might rush to the site and subsequently destroy the site which is more than 1,000 years old.

Ongoing research is being carried out by authorities, who are verifying the location of the lost city and its existence.

The Star will continue to update readers about the search

Foreign media and readers seek more info | The Star

PETALING JAYA: Media from all over the world have swamped The Star with calls asking for more information on the Kota Gelanggi lost city, its whereabouts in Johor and independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross.

Calls came from FujiTV, NHK Japan, Radio Australia, AFP, BBC and several other foreign media.

Readers of The Star also flooded the office with calls from as early as 8.30am.
Many of the callers were confused over the Johor site and the Kota Gelanggi cave complex in Pahang, a site known for its pre-historic links, about 30km from Jerantut.

Six years ago, a team of archaeologists unearthed artefacts there believed to be more than 1,500 years old in one of the caves.
The relics included pottery, hunting tools, weapons and ornamental pieces.
It indicated a settlement of early humans in the Kota Gelanggi caves known as the “Hoabinhian” or the “Neolitic” people of the more advanced Stone Age. They were believed to have lived there until the Bronze Age.

Archaeologist William Cameron, who visited the site in 1882, recorded the early human settlements.

The site was gazetted by the Pahang government as a Historical Heritage Area in 1995.

The 1,000-year-old lost city in Johor, on the other hand, is believed located in dense jungle.

Raimy's discovery of what is thought to be the site of Kota Gelanggi or Perbendaharaan Permata (Treasury of Jewels) has prompted museum officials to plan an expedition to confirm his findings.

Tracking down Kota Gelanggi | The Star

BY TEOH TEIK HOONG AND AUDREY EDWARDS

KUALA LUMPUR: After more than a decade of visiting various research facilities, putting up with shocked looks from relatives and scholars and saving money, Raimy Che-Ross finally stood at an entrance, which could lead to Kota Gelanggi.

“As I approached the area, I had this sense of an overwhelming aura. It was like I was entering someone’s house and had to be very careful with what I did,” he said of his expedition in early 2003, which lasted one week.

That first visit, he said did not produce any results and the team did not see any tracks which could lead into the lost city.
Raimy said they found embankments along the path on the second day and noted that primary growth surrounded the secondary one, which was unusual as it was usually the reverse.

He added that it was difficult to approach the area as it took about two hours of trekking on very rough terrain.

“We told the Tok Batin (orang asli head) that we were going fishing for haruan and had to go through dirt tracks with a four-wheel drive to the base camp. From here, it was a boat ride, which lasted about one-and-a-half hours,” he said.
He said the orang asli refused to enter the area, which they claimed had a lot of pantang (taboo).

“When I told them about the area I wanted to enter, they said Itu tak boleh kacau. Nanti kena makan hantu. Ratus tahun dulu orang Cina ada bikin barang. Banyak hantu, hantu dulu tinggal sana. Rimau banyak (That place cannot be disturbed or you will be eaten up by ghosts. The Chinese had built things there. A lot of ghosts stay there. There are many tigers),” he said.

They eventually agreed to send Raimy and his friend to the area but refused to enter it.

“They would send us in the morning from base camp and pick us up in the evening. They said they would leave after five minutes if we did not show up,” he said.
On the last day, they had an unusual experience when Raimy was determined to find the lost city.

“We did our usual thing and lit Indian incense and spread jasmine as a way of asking for permission to enter the pathway. Suddenly, we found a path which had not been there before. I felt that there was something beckoning and urging me to enter,” Raimy said.

“There were flowers like tepus, melur and bunga kantan, and it was very fragrant and beautiful. We just kept on walking and my friend suddenly stopped me and told me to head back.”

“He went pale and he asked me whether I could hear anything. It was then I realised that everything was silent,” said Raimy.

The two headed back and when they turned back after some distance, they found that the path had disappeared.

That will not stop him although he knows that it will take a long time to realise his dream.

Interest and perseverance pays off for Raimy | The Star

Feb 4, 2005



PETALING JAYA: He was Jawi illiterate until he was 17, but now independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross' career is centred around the translating and studying the Malay Arabic script.

“I would get A’s in everything but failed Agama because I could not read Jawi. And the ustazah (religious teacher) would pick on me because I could not do so.
“Then, the headmaster called me up one day when I was in Form 5 and told me that I had to pass the subject to get a good grade.

“So, I taught myself Jawi six weeks before the exam. I borrowed books and even went to Kampung Baru to buy the Utusan Melayu, which was in Jawi, to read.
“People on the bus would stare wondering what this boy was doing reading the newspaper. But I passed the exam in the end,” said the Canberra-based researcher in an interview.

Raimy, who is of Chinese-Malay-Pattani and Acehnese descent, eventually went on to do his bachelor of arts in political science, anthropology and art history at the Australian National University in Canberra.

It was at the University that he stumbled upon references to Kota Gelanggi while he was translating the Raffles Malay 18 Sejarah Melayu (the oldest version) from Jawi to Romanised text.

Saying that most of the Malay literature featured stories of mythical places or individuals such as Puteri Bunian or Istana Kayangan, Raimy’s first encounter with a true-life location turned out to be Kota Gelanggi (or Kota Batu Hitam), which he found references beginning with Raffles Malay 18 and subsequent versions of the Sejarah Melayu.

“It referred to a place that was located in Johor. This was not an Istana Kayangan but a physical reference. I thought it odd but did not think much of it at the time. When I translated other texts later there were references to the place from different sources like Chinese, Indian and Malay literature,” he said.
However, it was only six years ago that it dawned on him that he had stumbled upon a “treasure trove”.

“I pulled out the boxes, put on a “Ministry of Sound” CD and sorted the documents according to theme. When dawn broke, I was dumbfounded because it was not just a fairy tale or figment of imagination but an actual thing.

“I continued to work on it and research was a priority. I had no academic tenure and did it out of my own interest. There was no research support. Sometimes, it was a choice between a cup of coffee or photocopying a document,” added Raimy.

He continued on his quest by finding the oldest topographical map of Johor and subsequent copies of it. He proceeded to calculate distances and did an elimination process before finally pinpointing an area measuring about 5sq km.

Raimy is an accredited national Malay translator under the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters, Australia and his first job was as a Malay tutor at the Australian foreign affairs and trade department’s language studies unit.

Other positions that he has held include a visiting scholar at the Cambridge University Trinity College, Commonwealth Trust (Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre), research administrator at the National Art Gallery in Kuala Lumpur and appointed senior research consultant for the Jawi Transliteration Project at the National University of Singapore history department.

Raimy has written articles including “Malay Manuscripts in New Zealand: The “Lost” MS of the Hikayat Abdullah & other Malay MSS in the Thomson Collection” and on the oldest published syair entitled “Syair Peri Tun Raffles Pergi ke Minangkabau: A previously unknown text.”

Clues from an ancient text

PETALING JAYA: The lost city of Kota Gelanggi in Johor may be the unidentified temple shown in a 1000-year-old illustration of an unknown place in the region, a Cambridge University expert said.

R.C. Jamieson, Keeper of Sanskrit Manuscripts at the University of Cambridge, Britain, said the origin of the illustration which showed a former Buddha, Dipamkara, making a gesture of reassurance and holding a fold of his robe at his shoulder in a temple in Java had yet to be verified.

“However, we must bear in mind that Java then might not have been just the present island alone. At the time of The Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 Lines (Astasahasrikaprajnaparamita) manuscript, the term encompassed Sumatra and part of the Malay peninsula.

“The manuscript states that the image was taken around 1015AD,” he said in an e-mail interview from London.

The palm-leaf manuscript got to Cambridge from Nepal and the main text was in Sanskrit, Jamieson added.

The illustration also shows two attendants who are bodhisattvas (deities) making the gesture of explanation and holding a blue lotus, among other items, while standing in a temple between some trees.

Jamieson said whether or not the illustration was of the lost city of Kota Gelanggi, it was worth detailed investigation.

He said: “If they were the one and the same, it would be a fabulous discovery. If they are not, the work is still valuable and the style of the illustrated building and remains could still be very similar.” He expressed his willingness to assist in any expedition to verify the lost city initiated by the Museum and Antiquities Department.

Jamieson said the history of such places was important in the history of religion, trade, and international contact at the time and in many other spheres.

“I feel sure something has been found and the only sensible thing is to examine it in a scholarly fashion,” he added.

A website located at www.edlis.org/pow depicts many illustrations from the book.--- The Star/ SNNi

Lost city believed found in Johor

BY TEOH TEIK HOONG and AUDREY EDWARDS

PETALING JAYA: A 1,000-year-old lost city, possibly older than Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Borobudur in Indonesia, is believed to have been located in the dense jungles of Johor.

The discovery of what is thought to be the site of Kota Gelanggi or Perbendaharaan Permata (Treasury of Jewels) by an independent Malaysian researcher has prompted museum officials to plan an expedition to confirm the finding.

If indeed the site is that of the lost city , it is set to transform the historical landscape of the region, said Raimy Che-Ross, who spent 12 years researching Malay manuscripts all over the world and conducting aerial searches of the area before locating the site.

He said the discovery of “unusual formations” from the air had led him to believe that the site could be the first capital of the Sri Vijaya Malay empire dating back to 650AD.

“If the city is what we suspect it to be, then the Malacca Sultanate can no longer be considered as the start of modern Malay history.

“Once verified, the honour will go to Johor, as one thousand years ago Malacca had not even been established,” he said.

Raimy had tried to enter the site in early 2003 but failed, managing to get only as far as to the formations which are believed to be trenches and embankments of the outer city.

Department of Museum and Antiquities director-general Datuk Adi Taha said an archaeological expedition would be mounted this year to verify the location of the lost city, with Raimy’s assistance.

Funds for the expedition would be sought under the 9th Malaysia Plan.

Adi said he and the department were very enthusiastic about Raimy’s research findings and would work with him to verify the location of the lost city, which could be spread out over a few hundred square kilometres.

+ The Star - Malaysia Info

Manuscript leads to lost city

PETALING JAYA: It was an old Malay manuscript once owned by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of Singapore, in a London library that led Raimy Che-Ross to the existence of the lost city in Johor.
According to Raimy, the presence of a lost city in the jungles at the southern end of the Malay peninsula had been indicated in Malayan forklore for over four centuries.
His findings on the lost city has been published in the latest issue of Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 2004.
In his paper, he said the place was raided by the Indian-Chola conqueror Raja Rajendra Cholavarman I, of the South Indian Chola Dynasty in 1025A.D.
The ruins could be as old as Borobodur, and could pre-date Angkor Wat, Raimy said, adding that aerial photographs taken over the site and tales from the orang asli had indicated the existence of structures.


“From the air I could see formations which looked like a set of double-walls, protecting the inner city.

“I have verified all the information by reviewing and reassessing old colonial records and travellers tales,” he said.

Information on Kota Gelanggi appears in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) which was edited and revised by Tun Seri Lanang, the Bendahara (equivalent to the prime minister of a sultanate) of the Royal Court of Johor in 1612 A.D.

The manuscript narrated an account of the devastating raids by Raja Rajendra Cholavarman I, who after destroying the city of Gangga Negara (now Beruas in Lower Perak) turned his attention to Kota Gelanggi.

Raimy said he did not expect to find in Kota Gelanggi structures similar to Angkor Wat, as the lost city in Johor Gelanggi was much older.

“We can expect to find simple granite and brick structures, walls, buildings and possibly undisturbed tombs.

“Based on the data I have collected and consultations with archaeologists over the years, it is believed that Kota Gelanggi in Johor, which some scholars believe to be the kingdom of Lo-Yue, was also the first centre of trade for Sri Vijaya.

“It was in Johor that the whole Malay civilisation was born. The Sri Vijaya site in Palembang has artefacts which date back to the 13th or 14th century,” he said.

He said that official Japanese records noted that an Imperial Crown Prince of Japan, Prince Takaoka, Shinnyo Hosshinno, reportedly met his death in Lo-Yue after being attacked by a tiger. Perhaps we may find his tomb here,” he said.

Raimy said that while its main activity was a trading post, Kota Gelanggi was also a centre of sacred learning.

“Hinduism and Buddhist statues and figurines may exist but what I hope to find is epigraphic inscriptions (writings on granite),” he added.

Yayasan belum kesan tapak Kota Gelanggi

JOHOR BAHRU: Yayasan Warisan Johor (YWJ) mengakui sebuah kota lama dipercayai dibangunkan di negeri ini sebelum zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, memang wujud seperti disebut dalam Sejarah Melayu tulisan Tun Sri Lanang.

Timbalan Pengarahnya, Ismail Zam, bagaimanapun berkata YWJ yang menjalankan kajian mengenainya sejak 1996, sehingga kini belum dapat mengesahkan lokasi sebenar tapak kota lama itu yang dikatakan ditemui penyelidik bebas, Raimy Che-Ross.

Beliau berkata, dalam tempoh kajian itu pihaknya mengumpul pelbagai maklumat dan kajian penyelidikan mengenai kewujudan kota lama itu daripada pakar arkeologi tempatan serta luar negara.

“Kita mengakui kewujudan kota lama ini seperti disebut dalam Sejarah Melayu yang ditulis Tun Sri Lanang tetapi masih sukar untuk kita sahkan lokasinya.

“Kita sukar untuk menyatakan bahawa tapak kota lama berkenaan wujud sebelum zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka tetapi kemungkinan itu ada berdasarkan penyelidikan sebelum ini,” katanya ketika ditemui di sini, petang semalam.

Tapak Kota Gelanggi yang juga dikenali Kota Klang Kio yang bermaksud permata dalam bahasa Thai atau Kota Gangga Ayu iaitu air nyaman dalam bahasa Jawa kuno, dikatakan terletak di kawasan hutan di Ulu Tiram dekat sini.

Mengikut Sejarah Melayu, Raja Suran atau Raja Cola selepas menakluki Gangganegara, dikatakan berlayar ke Kota Gangga Ayu, sebuah kerajaan besar dengan kotanya diperbuat daripada batu hitam dan dipercayai masih wujud di ulu Sungai Johor.

Ismail berkata, hasil penyelidikan 30 ahli kumpulan arkeologi YWJ mendapati tapak Kerajaan Johor Lama di tiga lokasi di persisiran Sungai Johor wujud selepas kejatuhan Kerajaan Melayu Melaka.

Kumpulan itu diketuai Pensyarah Arkeologi Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (Atma) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Datuk Prof Dr Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman yang juga Karyawan Tamu YWJ.

Sehubungan itu, katanya, kajian mendalam dan terperinci mengenai tapak kota lama itu perlu dilakukan termasuk mengadakan kerja mencari gali bagi mengesan artifak untuk membuktikan kewujudan kota lama itu.

Beliau berkata, YWJ tidak menghebahkan kajian penyelidikan terhadap tapak kota lama itu kerana belum mempunyai bukti kukuh bagi mengesahkan kewujudannya.

“Kita sudah mengumpul semua maklumat dan dokumen berkaitan kota lama ini tetapi kita belum membuat kerja mencari gali artifak yang dapat membuktikan kawasan berkenaan adalah tapak kota lama berkenaan,” katanya.

Selain itu, katanya, kumpulan arkeologi YWJ sedia bekerjasama dengan Muzium Negara bagi mengkaji kewujudan kota lama itu.

Beliau berkata, pihaknya juga sudah mengesan tiga lokasi penempatan kerajaan Johor-Riau-Lingga di Sungai Sayong, Panchor dan Kampung Kota Lama, Kota Tinggi, berdasarkan penemuan bahan artifak seperti senjata dan seramik di kawasan terbabit.

Klang Kio Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.

Klang Kio adalah sebuah bandar purba yang disebut di dalam Sulalatus Salatin / Sejarah Melayu .Pemerian Sulalatus Salatin mengenai bandar Klang Kio adalah sedemikian:


Setelah berapa lamanya dijalan, datanglah kepada negeri Ganggayu.Shahadan dahulu kalanya negeri itu negeri besar, kotanya daripada batu hitam, datang sekarang lagi ada kotanya itu di hulu Sungai Johor. Ada pun asal namanya Klang Kio, iaitu bahasa Siam,ertinya perbendaharaan permata; oleh kita tiada tahu menyebut dia, jadi Ganggayu. Adapun nama rajanya Raja Chulan; adalah akan baginda itu raja besar, segala raja-raja di bawah angin dalam hukumnya.(W.G.Shellabear:1975:10)


Gambar : kawasan yang dikatakan terletaknya kota klang kio

Pada sekitar Februari 2005, terdapat laporan bahawa tapak Klang Kio telah ditemui dalam kawasan hutan Ulu Tiram,daerah Kota Tinggi, Johor. Laporan ini pertama kali dibuat oleh Raimy Che Ross, seorang penyelidik bebas dalam bidang manuskrip lama. Tapak Klang Kio ini telah dikenal pasti dengan merujuk kepada manuskrip lama Melayu dan manuskrip lama China, laporan orang asli dan juga fotografi satellite. Walaupun begitu, kesahihan penemuan ini diperlukan usaha cari gali yang selanjutnya.

Kota Gelanggi: Missing piece in ancient chain | The Star

Feb 7, 2005

BY TEOH TEIK HOONG AND AUDREY EDWARDS
KUALA LUMPUR: The lost city of Kota Gelanggi could be the missing one in a chain of inter-linked cities of an ancient Siamese empire.
Badan Warisan council member Dr Chandran Jeshurun said that this was based on an article, which appeared in the Nusantara journal more than 30 years ago.
The article entitled “Lang-Ya-Shu and Langkasuka: A Re-Interpretation” was written by a Siamese prince Mom Chao Chand. He discussed the locations of two 7th century Chinese toponyms (identifying ancient places and relating them to present day locations).
He had also explored the location of the mythical kingdom of Langkasuka.
“The article appeared in July 1972. I was editor of the journal then and had met Prince Mom Chao Chand at the Chiengmai University where I was a visiting lecturer for a month.
“We got to know each other and spoke about a lot of things including Langkasuka. That was when I asked him to contribute to the journal,” Dr Chandran said yesterday.
He was commenting on the possibility of locating the lost city of Kota Gelanggi in Johor.
Dr Chandran, who is a former Universiti Malaya Professor of Asian History, said the prince had written about the 12 Naksat Cities (see graphic), which appeared in both the chronicles of Nakorn Sri Thammaraj and the chronicles of the Phra Dhatu Nakorn.
Naksat, refers to the name of an animal which represents a certain year in a twelve-year cycle. However, only 11 have been identified in the Malay peninsular, with three in Kedah, Kelantan and Pahang located in present day Malaysia.
The prince while referring to the third as Pahang, however, wrote that this does not refer to the present location of that name as Pahang was a Muang (a city, not a district or province). This missing city was the “year of the rabbit” (Muang Pahang).
“It was a place in the south. And when I heard Raimy (Che-Ross) briefing us last year, I remembered this article. As Raimy told us about the walls and layouts, I thought of the possibility that this could be the 12th missing city,” said Dr Chandran.


He added that it was just speculation and an expedition would prove once and for all whether there was any ancient structure in the area.
The prince had also written that the 12 cities acted as an outer shield, which surrounded the capital Nakorn Sri Thammaraj.
“They were connected by land against surprise attacks, when help could be sent from one city to another,” he wrote.
The 11 Muangs with their “years” are Narathiwat (rat), Patani (ox), Kelantan (tiger), Kedah (big snake), Patalung (little snake), Trang (horse), Chumporn (goat), Krabi (monkey), Kanchanadit (chicken), Phuket or Takuapa (dog) and Kraburi (pig).
It was also suggested in the article that aerial photography could be a means of locating these cities as had been successfully done in Thailand. Independent researcher Raimy had carried out such an exercise to track down Kota Gelanggi.

Lost city is ‘not Kota Gelanggi’

BY MAZWIN NIK ANIS
JOHOR BARU: The Johor government agrees that there is a lost city in the state but is disputing its name.
As the mystery of the site deepens, Mentri Besar Datuk Abdul Ghani Othman said there was a historic city in Johor located within the deep jungles of Kota Tinggi but it was not Kota Gelanggi.
He said based on historical facts and archaeological finds over the past 10 years by the state heritage foundation Yayasan Warisan Johor, there was evidence that the historic city in Kota Tinggi is Kota Klang Kiu or Ganggayu.
The search for the lost city drew nationwide interest after The Star broke the story last week, prompting the Federal Government to say it would be given top priority.
When he first responded to the report, Ghani had stated that it was a fantastic development for the state, something that would enrich the history of Johor and the nation.
Yesterday, however, he said historical facts showed that the Kota Gelanggi mentioned by independent researcher Raimy Che Ross was situated in Pahang and not in Johor.
“I do not know how Raimy came to the conclusion (that Kota Gelanggi is in Johor),” he said.
He added that the researcher was not part of the state’s team in searching for historical sites.
Ghani said apart from what was written in Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), a discovery by English scholar Quaritch Wales of a temple known as Candi Bemban along Sungai Madek and other artefacts there strengthened the belief that a government had existed way before the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate.
He said the foundation, led by prominent archaeologist Prof Datuk Nik Hassan Suhaimi, had, since 1996, carried out excavation work and study in the area.
“We believe that until today, some parts of the city are still standing somewhere upstream from Sungai Johor,” he said, referring to records in the Sejarah Melayu that after conquering Gangganegara, Raja Suran of Thailand had sailed to Ganggayu.
He declined to disclose the site of the lost city in Johor but said the area could be “somewhere within the 14,000ha site of the forest reserve where Sungai Madek and Sungai Lenggiu are located.”
Ghani said the whole area where the historical artefacts were found and the possible site of Kota Klang Kiu had been gazetted as forest reserve.
“No one is allowed to enter the area without the state authorities' go ahead,” he said.
To a question, Ghani said Federal agencies had no jurisdiction over the area until there was a discovery and that any expedition work, study and excavation would be under the state's purview.
“However, we have no problem working together with the National Museum on this matter,” he said.

Raimy: The one in Pahang is not lost city

Feb 8, 2005



PETALING JAYA: The existence of another “Kota Gelanggi” has presented itself as a puzzle for the public since reports that a lost city is apparently located in Johor.
However, independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross, who first broke the news of the possible location of the lost city, pointed out that the one in Pahang was a cave complex with pre-historic links located about 30km from Jerantut.
“Artefacts found at the caves include pottery, food waste and traces of stone tools. Explorer William Cameron visited the site in 1882 and recorded local fairy tales about its existence,” he said yesterday.
The site was gazetted as a Historical Heritage Area in 1995 by the Pahang government.
However, the Kota Gelanggi he refers to as the lost city in Johor is well recorded by Tun Sri Lanang in the Sejarah Melayu, describing its granite structure and its location “di Hulu Sungai Johor (at the head waters of the Johor River).”
“I have no reason to doubt this description,” he said.
Raimy said he was aware of the confusion and urged interested parties to read his published findings.
His article “The ‘Lost City’ of Kota Gelanggi” appears in the latest issue of the Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and could be obtained at the society’s website at www.mbras.org.my.

Archaeologist tells of lifelong quest | The Star

Feb 9, 2005
Archaeologist tells of lifelong quest | The Star


BY AUDREY EDWARDS
BANGI: He has criss-crossed Malaysia to unearth prehistoric ruins but the possible lost city in Johor is one that has proven elusive all these years.
“I have always wanted to locate it.
“My search for the lost kingdom is to satisfy my curiosity and finding it would prove my theories are true,” said archaeologist Prof Datuk Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia’s Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation.
Only Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi, 61, believes that the possible lost city, which independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross has said is probably Kota Gelanggi, might actually have been known as Klang Kiu.
Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi said that getting into the area where the city is believed to be would require proper planning to ensure safety and security.
“We have to plan things properly to find the lost kingdom of Klang Kiu. We have to be very careful because the area was a 'black area' during the Emergency period.
“We have to involve the police, military, geologists, surveyors and foresters. The plan is to go in during the next few months,” he said.
He said the process of locating the site, which included carrying out aerial photography, remote sensing and cross-checking with the Survey Department, was going on.
Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi’s love affair with archaeology began 33 years ago and he had been involved in excavations at Kedah's Bujang Valley and Perak's Kuala Selingsing and Gangga Negara (now known as Beruas).


EXCAVATION MEMORIES: Dr Nik Hassam Suhaimi showing pictures of the Tasik Chini expedition in Bangi recently.
The most recent excavations he was involved in were at sites along the Johor River and Tasik Chini.
“Archaeology is the love of my life because I get to spend most of my time searching for something new – although it is old,” he said.
His most exciting dig was at Kuala Selingsing in 1980.
“There were not many people to track down the site or who could withstand the various problems associated with the place such as water supply problems, mosquitoes and the negative aspects of the environment,” he said.
He added that one also had to stay at the site for weeks and in the process unearth objects such as old human bones.
“There were just so many ancient human remains. We kept digging and we came across them at every strata until we reached the lowest level where we found one which was dated 200BC.”
He said anyone who found the lost city should be lauded.
“I am not bothered who discovers it. I will be happy to know that someone has, because as an archaeologist and historian, I feel proud that the country has such a heritage site,” he added.

Government to decide future expedition in August | The Star

Feb 18, 2005


KUALA LUMPUR: Future missions to unearth the secrets of the lost city of Kota Gelanggi will depend on the maiden expedition to locate the site next month and the findings submitted to the Cabinet in August.
“What’s important is that come August, we’ll have the report and decide whether we should conduct further research,” said Culture, Arts and Heritage Minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar's centennial celebration.
Dr Rais said several scientific observations would be made in Johor.
“What we are concerned about is the history of Peninsular Malaysia at that time.
“But we have to be careful and not make any announcements that will confuse the public until the experts are clear on the real situation,” he said, adding that his Cabinet colleagues wanted to know more about the lost city.
The expedition members would comprise independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross and experts from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Johor Heritage Foundation, the Johor Forestry Department and the Malaysian Centre For Remote Sensing.
Department of Museums and Antiquities director-general Datuk Dr Adi Taha said the members would have their first meeting on Feb 24 and hoped to start the expedition by the middle of next month.
“Although the site in Johor may be of a different name, we’ll use Kota Gelanggi as the working name for the project. The first phase is to make sure the site exists and we’ll carry on from there,” he said.
Dr Rais also said his ministry would be organising a writing competition on local history to create interest in the country’s history among Malaysians.
“We hope the contest will stir the community's love for local history, especially of their hometowns and villages,” he said.
He hoped that with the competition, more Malaysians would write about local history instead of relying on foreigners.

Satellite confirms structures of Kota Gelanggi

Feb 19, 2005
Malaysia Gis - http://www.malaysiagis.com


The search for the lost city of Kota Gelanggi has taken a leap forward with satellite maps confirming the existence of structures on site.
A remote sensing satellite image taken by the Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (Macres) has revealed possible structures which match aerial photographs taken by Canberra-based independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross last year.
The image has also shown that the apparent structures are much more extensive than previously thought.
Raimy, when contacted yesterday, said the satellite image and other recent evidence had convinced him that he had found the lost city of Kota Gelanggi.
"Call it by any other name, but this is definitely the Lost City of Kota Gelanggi. "Thanks to both the evidence and the satellite images, I am absolutely sure that my original hypothesis and findings are correct," he told The Star yesterday.
A Kuala Lumpur-based Geographical Information System (GIS), mapping and remote sensing consultant who analysed the satellite image said there was no doubt that there were peculiar structures.
"Johor does not have natural rock formations and what is seen in the satellite image is man-made. The lines could be walls or trenches," he said.
However, the consultant added that there were also other possibilities of what these structures could constitute. They include former logging trails, fluvial networks caused by receding waters of a dam which is the result of sedimentation.
"It could also be the lost city of Kota Gelanggi.
"What is sure is that you have the same site shown in earlier pictures. I am 90% sure the image is that of the area the authorities are looking for."
On the possibility that some of the lines seen on the satellite image were modern-day fences, the consultant said, "Fences are never built around dams in the country. I suspect these could be 'fences' built long ago."
He said it was necessary for the authorities to go and verify the authenticity of the site.

Orang asli manuscripts depict ancient temple | The Star

PETALING JAYA: A chandi (temple) is believed to be located in the lost city, according to an illustration on rare orang asli manuscripts.
The manuscripts together with a pictorial book have been kept by orang asli families who lived near the area until the 1950s, when they were relocated by the British Army following a communist insurgency.
Independent researcher Raimy Che-Ross believes that the manuscripts depict a naive but highly-accurate front elevation and ground-plan representation of the Chandi Kota Gelanggi and its ancillary temple-complex when the orang asli visited the site in 1920-30s.
He cautiously assumes the basic chandi was slightly smaller than Borobudur and could be the same age or slightly older.
“The most important and significant historical and archaeological structure that lies in the ruins of this lost city is the Chandi Kota Gelanggi. It is a large multi-terraced chandi crowned by a triple-layered stupa. There is no other structure comparable to it in the Malay peninsula.
“One of the manuscripts drawing show the double-walls of the temple enclosure, with crenulations (regular gaps along the top of a castle for firing arrows) along its upper walls. There is also a detailed drawing of the main temple-gateway and the terraces leading up to the triple-stupa,” he said when contacted.
Raimy also said another manuscript showed a small pavilion-like structure framed by thin granite pillars, inside of which were granite walls with two round windows on either side of its main doorway, similar to that found at the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple in Malacca.
“The squiggles drawn all around the temple are referred to by the orang asli as their 'prayers'. It is possible that they represent epigraphic inscriptions, which may be found carved and inscribed onto the temple walls,” he said.
He added that the squiggles could resemble an attempt to replicate examples of Kawi or Sanskrit similar to those found on existing Srivijayan Prasasti (inscribed prayers and historical statements on stone).
“If this is true, and we do indeed find epigraphic inscriptions on the chandi, then the immense value of the discovery for Malay history is beyond imagination,” he added.
The manuscripts are being kept by 41-year-old Edin Lekok, who received it from his father, Lekok Jenta, last year.
They were passed down by his great-great grandmother Nenek Tunggal.
The orang asli from this area who practice a kind of worship called Alam Mulia, however, do not know what the manuscripts mean but consider them holy items.
The colour of the ink has not faded through the years and Edin has laminated the manuscripts to keep it from falling apart.
Edin also said that although he had known of the manuscripts' existence, his father did not show them to him until the day they were handed over to him.

Ancient texts point to black stone structures : The Star

Feb 20, 2005


PETALING JAYA: Ancient Chinese manuscripts have indicated the existence of the lost city of Kota Gelanggi as a city of shining black stone, according to a Chinese history expert.
The city, also believed to be called Klang Kiu, was mentioned in the more than 1,000-year-old manuscript found in the book Strange Countries from the Cambridge Library Rare Books Collection, said Universiti Putra Malaysia chemical engineering Prof Dr Tan Ka Kheng who has been researching for several years.
Tan, who minors in History of Science, said the book had an illustration of a bell adorned by two Buddhas, lotus flowers and birds, which apparently existed in the city, which had a stupa-like multi-tiered structure.
“The structure according to the book was 32 chang (each chang is 3.3m) high and they were surrounded by 300 graves,” he said.
“The structure could accommodate 360 people at any one time,” he told The Star.
“The scriptures had indicated that this city was somewhere in the peninsula,” he said.
Another sketch from the manuscript had a picture of a Buddha and a Hindu deity on an altar and a worshipper paying homage to them and this could also be from the lost city which was also called Pulau An, he said.
He said Pulau An meant peace and took four nights by boat to travel from Majapahit in Jawa then.
Dr Tan also noted that Chinese maps dating 1600AD had mentioned the existence of the ancient city in the peninsula.
“The city was an important point for trade and supplies and functioned as a stop over for people,” he said.
“Many of the scriptures recorded the observations of Chinese travellers at their port of call such as the characteristics of the people and the area, distinct cultures and customs of the locals,” he added.
Dr Tan said artefacts found downstream from the site in Kota Gelanggi, which were being kept by the Johor Heritage Foundation, confirmed that the city was a trading post.
Among the artefacts found were porcelain items from the Chinese dynasties like the Soong, Ming and Qing, and from Thailand, Khmer and Vietnam.
Earthenware with carvings believed to be from the 11th century had also been located.
Dr Tan, who has studied Chinese maps and scriptures for 15 years, said the city of Klang Kiu should not be confused with Langkasuka, which is believed to be sitting at the bottom of Tasik Chini in Pahang.
“Chinese scriptures indicated that Langkasuka had lotus ponds and people who wore sarong, made pottery and had the practice of cutting their long hair,” he said.

Teams to look for ‘Linggiu’ : The Star

Feb 26, 2005


SUNGAI PETANI: The Culture, Arts and Heritage Ministry has named the expedition to locate the lost city of Kota Gelanggi as “The Search for Kota Purba Linggiu.”
“There is proof that the place was noted as Kota Purba Linggiu (Old City of Linggiu) and we will stick to that,” said minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.
Dr Rais said the three expedition teams searching for the possible site in Johor had been given two weeks to come up with ways on how to approach the task in a uniform and co-ordinated manner.
He said he would meet the teams once they had worked out the details in order to brief the Johor government.
The state government’s assistance was needed for the provision of basic infrastructure facilities, including the setting up of a base camp and security arrangements, Dr Rais said after visiting the Bujang Valley Archaeological Museum in Merbok near here where he also viewed new historical excavations in Pengkalan Bujang.
The Star reported yesterday that the teams comprised ministry officials, archaeologists from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Malaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris and Malaysian Remote Sensing Centre representatives.
They hoped to enter three different parts of the site's possible location by early April.
Interest in the lost city was triggered after researcher Raimy Che Ross claimed that he might have located the lost city of Kota Gelanggi

Funding and expertise needed for archaeological projects | The Star

Feb 23, 2005

BY AUDREY EDWARDS
BANGI: Funding and the involvement of scholars from multiple disciplines such as the sciences, arts and humanities are two major challenges facing anyone organising archaeological projects in the country.
“Research is very expensive and not many people want to invest in something when they are not sure of getting anything in return,” said Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (Atma) director Prof Datuk Dr Shamsul Amri Baharuddin yesterday.
“Another challenge is attracting scholars. We can have the best archaeologists but then there is no support from areas such as science.
“We need experts in various fields such as literature, environment, religion and the economy. There are just not enough qualified people,” he said.
Consequently, he said, finding the lost city in Johor was just “the tip of the iceberg” and bigger tasks lay ahead.
“It is not so much locating a lost city. It is like locating the Sungai Besi toll and not knowing why it was built,” he said.
He added that any discovery should neither be overemphasised nor underrated.


Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (Atma) director Prof Datuk Dr Shamsul Amri Baharuddin
Archaeologists, such as Prof Datuk Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, who is also with Atma, have been involved in numerous excavations in Malaysia including around the Johor River, Perak, Tasik Chini in Pahang and the Bujang Valley in Kedah.
Independent researcher Raimy Che Ross recently claimed he might have located the long-sought Kota Gelanggi through the study of Malay manuscripts, aerial photos and a preliminary ground trip.
Search for Kota Gelanggi

Cabinet to get report on lost city in August | The Star

PENANG: The Culture, Arts and Heritage Ministry will submit to the Cabinet in August a report on the initial findings of its expedition to the lost city of Kota Gelanggi in Johor.

Minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim said Museum and Antiquities Department director-general Datuk Dr Adi Taha had briefed him on the expedition’s early findings.

“So far, we have sporadic findings, a little bit here and there which I am not at liberty to disclose yet,” Rais told reporters after opening a joint exhibition on Reminiscences of the Straits Settlements Through Postcards by the National Archives of Malaysia and Singapore here yesterday. He also launched a book on the same title at the function.

Interest in the lost city was triggered after researcher Raimy Che Ross claimed that he might have located the lost city of Kota Gelanggi.

Three teams recently began their initial research and search for the city.

kajian rupa dan bentuk ikan kelisa

Memandangkan antara subjek yang akan saya lukis ialah gambar ikan, maka saya kenalah mengkaji tentang ikan sebagaimana yang dinasihati oleh abang Yusof Gajah

rupadiawan:klang kio_pencarian 1(belum siap)

Seperti yang dikatakan oleh abang Yusof Gajah. Saya perlu buat kajian lagi tentang ikan tu. Ini masih lapisan pertama. Baru lakar imej termasuklah imej yang wujud secara spontan. Setiap imej dan juga jalinan yang terbentuk secara spontan itu perlu saya manfaatkan sebaiknya.

Evidence of land clearing as recent as six months ago | The Star 2005

BY FLORENCE A. SAMY

BANGI: Part of the Johor jungle, where the reported lost city is believed to be located, has been cleared for logging and agriculture as recent as between six months and 10 years ago, according to a geologist.

Prof Dr Ibrahim Komoo of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia said the satellite images taken by the Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (Macres), which showed light green patches of rectangular lines, revealed the different stages of land clearing conducted within that time frame.

“I’m really surprised to see that some of the land had been cleared so recently,” he said.

This satellite image shows various patches of land clearing (note the different colour shadings). The light green patch is a secondary forest that had been cleared not more than 10 years ago while the bottom brown ones had been cleared between six months and a few years.

“From the images you can also see that the bottom left part had been cleared between six months and few years because new vegetation is growing,” he added.

“The section of light brown patch above it had been cleared about six months ago as it is still barren,” he said, adding that yellow patches showed that the grass had either dried up or was cleared.

“It is not impossible to find a city in cleared areas as those who cleared the land may not be aware of its archaeological value,” he said, adding that land clearers could provide valuable information that could contribute to the search for the lost city.

“They might have seen unusual formations be it a rock or a wall, even if it’s just the top portion, while clearing the land,” he said.

There was also evidence of several dirt roads built from different directions along that area, possibly for logging purposes, he added.

Dr Komoo also noted that it was crucial to determine the age of the site and it could be done through carbon dating artefacts and studying the soil behaviour and layering.

He added that geophysical techniques could be used to detect structures buried between 15m and 20m underground.

“If sandstones or laterite rocks were used 1,000 years ago, they will be badly weathered by now.”

Although the sandstones could have turned into soil, its general features like their arrangements could be detected from the ground by remote sensing or aerial photographs, he said.

“The structures could also be buried between five and 10m deep into the ground because of sedimentation and they will be completely gone if they were made of wood,” he added.

The Department of Museum and Antiquities is expected to lead an expedition, dubbed “The Search for Kota Purba Linggiu,” in April.

Artikel 2005

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Kota Gelanggi Hanya wujud pada nama | Berita Harian

Oleh Amad Bahri Mardi

NAMA Kota Gelanggi yang tercatat di dalam sejarah pra Kesultanan Melayu Melaka sebenarnya tidak wujud kerana penemuan dan bukti terbaru menunjukkan nama lain seperti Langgiu, Gangga Ayu, Klang Kio dan Klangkui lebih diterima.

Sejak isu nama Kota Gelanggi berusia 1,000 tahun itu mula dicetuskan seorang penyelidik bebas, pelbagai pihak mula memberi pendapat dan mengulas kebenaran fakta yang dikemukakan. Berdasarkan bukti terbaru termasuk cerita orang lama dan artifak yang ditemui, nama Kota Langgiu lebih diterima.

Usaha wakil Berita Minggu mendapatkan bukti lisan daripada sejarawan tempatan, termasuk daripada ketua masyarakat orang Asli di Johor akhirnya berjaya menemui fakta yang lebih meyakinkan. Pada masa sama, himpunan maklumat dan cerita ternyata boleh dipercayai serta menyamai seperti yang tercatat di dalam Sejarah Melayu.

Pengarah Arkib Malaysia cawangan Johor dan Melaka, Kamariah Ismail sendiri mengakui nama Kota Gelanggi kurang tepat kerana ada nama lain - Langgiu, Gangga Ayu, Klang Kio dan Klangkui yang lebih sesuai dengan tempat itu.

Beliau berkata, sejak isu Kota Gelanggi diketengahkan, pihaknya turut tertarik untuk turut sama mendapatkan maklumat mengenainya. Setakat ini, rujukan mengenai kota itu hanya dinyatakan dalam Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu).

Katanya, lokasi hutan yang ditunjukkan penyelidikan berkenaan mungkin kurang tepat berbanding apa yang tercatat dalam Sejarah Melayu yang mencatatkan kota itu terletak di hulu Sungai Johor.

"Nama Kota Gelanggi tidak pun kami ditemui dalam mana-mana manuskrip, tetapi nama Langgiu, Ganggayu, Klangkui dan Klang Kio ada dinyatakan dalam tiga edisi Sejarah Melayu, " katanya.

Beliau berkata, maklumat yang diceritakan oleh orang Asli seperti diperoleh Berita Minggu boleh dipercayai kerana mereka pernah melihat sendiri kota itu. Bagaimanapun, kesahihan mengenai kewujudan kota itu masih perlu dikaji dan beliau turut menyatakan sokongan dan sedia bekerjasama dengan mana-mana pihak untuk membugar kembali sejarah kota tertua lagi bersejarah itu.

Berdasarkan kedudukan terkini dan bukti cerita oleh Tok Batin Abdul Rahman Abdullah, 85, jelas menunjukkan nama Kota Gelanggi tidak wujud di negeri Johor, tetapi nama Kota Langgiu lebih tepat digunakan oleh sejarawan, pengkaji mahupun ahli arkeologi sejarah negara ini.

Berdasarkan maklumat Tuk Batin Abdul Rahman juga, peluang untuk warga Malaysia amnya dan pencinta sejarah negara khususnya melihat kota berusia lebih 1,000 tahun itu tidak kesampaian.

Bukti tersurat hari ini mengatakan lokasi sebenar kota itu sudah tenggelam di dasar Empangan Linggiu. Mengimbas usaha dan tinjauan Berita Minggu terhadap lokasi Kota Langgiu minggu lalu, ia bermula selepas berbekalkan rujukan dan bukti manuskrip Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu) tulisan Tun Sri Lanang mengatakan nama Kelangkui.

Dua edisi Sejarah Melayu tulisan A Samad Ahmad dan W G Shellabear yang dirujuk turut mencatatkan mengenai lokasi kota yang pernah diserang Raja Suran itu terletak di hulu sungai Johor.

Merujuk buku Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu), edisi A Samad Ahmad, nama Langgiu dinyatakan dalam muka surat 11. Sejarah Melayu edisi W G Shellabear pula menyatakan tempat itu sebagai Klang Kio atau Gangayu di muka surat 10. Manakala edisi asal Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu) karya Tun Sri Lanang pada muka surat 12 mencatatkan tempat itu sebagai Kelangkui.

Dua daripada edisi Sejarah Melayu itu juga mencatatkan lokasi kota berusia lebih 1,000 tahun itu terletak di hulu Sungai Johor.

Mengenai kota yang diceritakan dibina daripada batu hitam, beliau juga pernah mendengar cerita itu dan kisah itu pernah diceritakan kepada beliau dan ia memang terdapat di hulu Sungai Johor.

"Kawasan ulu Sungai Johor asalnya dahulu sebuah benua. Raja dari India, Raja Siam dan Raja Majapahit pernah datang menyerang kawasan ini. Kerajaan di situ usianya sudah lebih 1,000 tahun dan kewujudannya lebih awal daripada kerajaan Melaka. Saya pernah diberitahu ada orang pernah menemui kota batu hitam yang bentuknya seperti gua yang ada banyak pintu, " ceritanya.

Menyusuli maklumat dan cerita Zakaria itu, pertemuan dengan tiga Tuk Batin Orang Asli membuatkan usaha menjejak lokasi kota itu tambah menyakinkan. Tiga Tuk Batin yang ditemui adalah Tuk Kampung Pasir Intan, Abdul Rahman Abdullah, 85; Tuk Batin Kampung Kempas Menang, Daud a/l Kadir dan Tuk Batin Sayong Pinang, Adong a/l Kuau.

Tuk Batin Abdul Rahman Abdullah, 85, ketika ditemui menceritakan lokasi sebenar Kota Gelanggi terletak di Sungai Linggiu. Kedudukan asal kota itu sebelum ditenggelami empangan Linggiu adalah terletak antara Sungai Tebak dan Sungai Senterok.

"Kota itu memang besar, saya pernah lihat sendiri kerana ia berada dalam kawasan kampung kami. Saya anggarkan kota itu sebesar 40 kaki persegi dan terdapat tiga lubang seperti tingkap pada dinding kota itu, " katanya sambil melakarkan lokasi sebenar Kota Langgiu.

Beliau berkata, kawasan itu pernah diduduki oleh beliau dan lebih 50 keluarga orang asli. Pada sekitar tahun 1950'an, akibat ancaman komunis, mereka semua dipindah keluar dan ditempatkan di tiga buah kampung sekarang.

Mengenai penemuan kota itu, Abdul Rahman berkata, seingat beliau kota itu ditemui sekitar tahun 1930-an, iaitu ketika beliau dan penduduk mencari hasil hutan. Di kawasan itu juga ada dusun durian.

Keluasan sebenar kota dan kerajaan itu beliau dianggarkan seluas 2,000 hektar, iaitu seluas empangan Linggiu sekarang. Ketika ini, semua kawasan kota dan kerajaan tua ditenggelami Empangan Linggiu milik Public Utility Board (PUB), Singapura.

Menceritakan struktur binaan kota dan kawasan sekitarnya, beliau menceritakan kota itu memang besar dan binaannya seolah-olah sebuah istana. Beliau pernah beberapa kali diberi mimpi bahawa kota yang beliau lihat itu adalah milik raja besar satu ketika dahulu.

Beliau berkata, sewaktu mencari ikan di Sungai Tebak berhampiran kota itu. Beliau dan beberapa penduduk asli sering bertemu batu-batu yang mengerlip di kawasan aliran sungai.

"Sungai itu seperti air terjun, di tengah-tengah alirannya terdapat banyak batu-batu yang timbul. Pada batu-batu itu terlekat batu-batu yang bercahaya seolah batu intan permata .Ia jelas dilihat pada waktu malam," katanya.

Mengenai batu intan bercahaya itu, beliau menceritakan ia pernah menyimpan sebahagian serpihan batu itu selama enam tahun. Serpihan batu itu beliau dapati sukar untuk dipecahkan. Selepas dibawa balik ke rumah, batu-batu itu diberikan kepada rakannya yang berasal daripada Singapura. Beliau meminta rakannya itu mengukir batu itu menjadi cincin batu akek, tetapi hingga sekarang batu itu tidak dikembalikan kepada beliau.

Dua lagi Tuk Batin Orang Asli iaitu Tuk Batin Daud, 60 dan Tuk Batin Adong, 58 yang ditemui pada sesi menjejak kota itu, mengakui maklumat dan diceritakan Abdul Rahman adalah benar dan boleh dipercayai.

Tuk Batin Adong turut menceritakan pernah anak buahnya masuk ke kawasan kota itu dan melihat binaan kota berbatu hitam itu. Apabila anak buahnya itu ingin pergi semula untuk kali kedua ke kota batu hitam itu, tetapi gagal menemuinya.

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Daripada bahan rujukan yang saya perolehi, segala maklumat itu saya adaptasikan dalam bentuk lukisan. Berikut adalah antara ciri-cirinya.

• Dari karangan Tun Sri Lanang ada menyatakan kota ini adalah kota batu hitam. oleh itu latarnya pastinya gelap.

• Dari temuramah seorang wartawan dengan Tok Batin Orang Asli yang pernah menemui kota tupada tahun 30'an. Tok batin tu menyatakan yang dia nampak kota batu hitam tu ada lubang seperti pintu dan tingkap. Oleh itu karya ni mesti ada lubang pintu dan tingkap.

• Dijangkakan yang kota ini dah tenggelam di dalam empangan Linggiu yang sekarang ni milik PUB Singapura. Oleh itu karya ini juga perlulah ada kehidupan air seperti ikan, akar-akar yang melambangkan ianya dalam air.

• Telah dijumpai tembikar purba yang dipercayai mempunyai kaitan dengan kota lama ini. Di karya ini juga perlulah ada tembikar yang menunjukkan adanya tamadun di situ.

• Tun Seri Lanang juga menceritakan tentang peperangan antara kerajaan Linggiu ( Klang Kio) ini dengan kerajaan India. Oleh itu tentunya ada senjata-senjata lama yang boleh dikaitkan dengannya. Contohnya keris dan tombak yang memang dipercayai telah lama wujud. Keris juga merupakan hak cipta tamadun Melayu yang tidak boleh dinafikan lagi.